Mendelian randomization analysis of 34,497 German Holstein cows to infer causal associations between milk production and health traits

Table 2 Genetic correlations and causal associations between milk yield and the respective health trait

Health trait	\({r}_{g}\) (SE)	HEIDI			noHEIDI
Health trait	\({r}_{g}\) (SE)	\({\widehat{b}}_{xy}\) (SE)	\({p}_{GSMR}\)	N	\({\widehat{b}}_{xy}\) (SE)	\({p}_{GSMR}\)	N
Claw ulcers	− 0.069 (0.028)	− 0.041 (0.021)	0.0494	105	− 0.041 (0.021)	0.0494	105
Digital dermatitis	− 0.019 (0.026)	− 0.054 (0.021)	0.0094	103	− 0.048 (0.021)	0.0200	105
Digital phlegmone	− 0.182 (0.032)	− 0.098 (0.020)	< 0.0001	104	− 0.098 (0.020)	< 0.0001	105
Interdigital hyperplasia	− 0.106 (0.027)	− 0.039 (0.020)	0.0577	105	− 0.039 (0.020)	0.0577	105
Laminitis	− 0.082 (0.040)	− 0.034 (0.021)	0.0577	105	− 0.034 (0.021)	0.0577	105
Mastitis	− 0.303 (0.026)	− 0.131 (0.020)	< 0.0001	102	− 0.133 (0.020)	< 0.0001	105
White line disease	− 0.088 (0.035)	− 0.042 (0.020)	0.0381	105	− 0.042 (0.020)	0.0381	105

Shown are the genetic correlations (\({r}_{g})\) and effect sizes (\({\widehat{b}}_{xy}\)) from the GSMR analysis together with their standard errors (SE) as well as the p-values (\({p}_{GSMR}\)) and the number of instrumental variables (N) for the GSMR analysis. The results of the GSMR analysis are shown for the analysis with (HEIDI) and without (noHEIDI) applying the HEIDI method

ISSN: 1297-9686